One hypothesis supposes that vertical oscillations made by the Sun as it orbits the Galactic Centre cause it to regularly pass through the galactic plane. a Formation and evolution of the Solar System - Wikipedia [134], However, over time, the cumulative probability of a chance encounter with a star increases, and disruption of the planets becomes all but inevitable. According to traditional Big Bang cosmology, the electroweak epoch began 1036 seconds after the Big Bang, when the temperature of the universe was low enough (1028 K) for the electronuclear force to begin to manifest as two separate interactions, the strong and the electroweak interactions. The ejected material will contain the helium and carbon produced by the Sun's nuclear reactions, continuing the enrichment of the interstellar medium with heavy elements for future generations of stars and planets. In this kind of extreme timescale, extremely rare quantum phenomena may also occur that are extremely unlikely to be seen on a timescale smaller than trillions of years. abundance of oxygen evolution of the atmosphere, the development of Earth 's atmosphere across geologic time. The Dark Ages only fully came to an end at about 1 billion years as the universe gradually transitioned into the universe we see around us today, but denser, hotter, more intense in star formation, and more rich in smaller (particularly unbarred) spiral and irregular galaxies, as opposed to giant elliptical galaxies. [105], A different scenario occurs when the moon is either revolving around the primary faster than the primary rotates or is revolving in the direction opposite the planet's rotation. In 2020, researchers discovered that the moon is actually 85 million years younger than we once thought. In all cases, this means that the position of a planet along its orbit ultimately becomes impossible to predict with any certainty (so, for example, the timing of winter and summer becomes uncertain). Its subsequent development has interwoven a variety of scientific disciplines including astronomy, chemistry, geology, physics, and planetary science. After recombination and decoupling, the universe was transparent but the clouds of hydrogen only collapsed very slowly to form stars and galaxies, so there were no new sources of light. [7] In 1935, Eddington went further and suggested that other elements also might form within stars. Timeline of Stockholm history - Wikipedia At around 47,000 years,[2] as the universe cools, its behavior begins to be dominated by matter rather than radiation. [32] Several mechanisms could produce dense regions meeting this criterion during the early universe, including reheating, cosmological phase transitions and (in so-called "hybrid inflation models") axion inflation. Ordinary matter gathers where dark matter is denser, and in those places it collapses into clouds of mainly hydrogen gas. Initially leptons and antileptons are produced in pairs. The process by which the current atmosphere arose from earlier conditions is complex; however, evidence related to the evolution of Earth's atmosphere, though indirect, is abundant. The Earth's Moon is thought to have formed as a result of a single, large head-on collision. Allmost all of Earth's water is contained in its global ocean, spanning 70.8% of Earth's surface.Most other water is retained in Earth's large polar sheets . Gravitational attraction also gradually pulls galaxies towards each other to form groups, clusters and superclusters. These phase transitions can be visualized as similar to condensation and freezing phase transitions of ordinary matter. During this epoch, the temperature and average energies within the universe were so high that everyday subatomic particles could not form, and even the four fundamental forces that shape the universe gravitation, electromagnetism, the weak nuclear force, and the strong nuclear force were combined and formed one fundamental force. This period lasted around 370,000 years. After recombination and decoupling, the universe was transparent and had cooled enough to allow light to travel long distances, but there were no light-producing structures such as stars and galaxies. [100] [a][9][12] One of these collapsing fragments (known as the presolar nebula) formed what became the Solar System. The early universe | CERN Co-formation from a circumplanetary disc (only in the cases of the giant planets); Formation from impact debris (given a large enough impact at a shallow angle); and, This page was last edited on 8 July 2023, at 20:29. [40] Saturn may owe its substantially lower mass simply to having formed a few million years after Jupiter, when there was less gas available to consume. 10-15 thousand years ago 10-15 million years ago 100-150 million years ago 10-15 billion years ago Under intense pressure and high temperature, hydrogen atoms combine to form helium. , where v t e The chronology of the universe describes the history and future of the universe according to Big Bang cosmology. But these are all still areas of active research. The first recorded use of the term "Solar System" dates from 1704. Timeline of the evolution of life on Earth | New Scientist How the Earth and moon formed, explained - University of Chicago News It has been further hypothesized that the Mars-sized object may have formed at one of the stable EarthSun Lagrangian points (either L4 or L5) and drifted from its position. 3 In the former case, the direction of angular momentum transfer is reversed, so the rotation of the primary speeds up while the satellite's orbit shrinks. As a result, the universe was opaque or "foggy". The quarkgluon plasma that composes the universe cools until hadrons, including baryons such as protons and neutrons, can form. Therefore, the earliest stages are an active area of research and based on ideas that are still speculative and subject to modification as scientific knowledge improves. (Such dense pockets, if they existed, would have been extremely rare.) (Image credit: enol anl) The sun is partying like it's . At some point around 200 to 500 million years, the earliest generations of stars and galaxies form (exact timings are still being researched), and early large structures gradually emerge, drawn to the foam-like dark matter filaments which have already begun to draw together throughout the universe. [129], Various scientists have speculated that the Solar System's path through the galaxy is a factor in the periodicity of mass extinctions observed in the Earth's fossil record. During its matter-dominated era, the expansion of the universe had begun to slow down, as gravity reined in the initial outward expansion. Therefore, the cosmic microwave background is a picture of the universe at the end of this epoch including the tiny fluctuations generated during inflation (see 9-year WMAP image), and the spread of objects such as galaxies in the universe is an indication of the scale and size of the universe as it developed over time.[51]. At the current locations it would have taken millions of years for their cores to accrete. However, the star's loss of mass could send the orbits of the surviving planets into chaos, causing some to collide, others to be ejected from the Solar System, and others to be torn apart by tidal interactions. In these cases, the tidal bulge lags behind the moon in its orbit. . Stockholm | History, Population, & Facts | Britannica [29], At approximately 1 second after the Big Bang neutrinos decouple and begin travelling freely through space. Gravitationally bound systems, such as clusters of galaxies, galaxies, and ultimately the Solar System will be torn apart. The decoupled photons would have filled the universe with a brilliant pale orange glow at first, gradually redshifting to non-visible wavelengths after about 3 million years, leaving it without visible light. Around the same time as recombination, existing pressure waves within the electron-baryon plasmaknown as baryon acoustic oscillationsbecame embedded in the distribution of matter as it condensed, giving rise to a very slight preference in distribution of large-scale objects. [126], As the Sun dies, its gravitational pull on the orbiting bodies, such as planets, comets, and asteroids, will weaken due to its mass loss. It grew larger thanks to countless collisions between dust particles, asteroids, and other growing planets, including one last giant impact that threw enough rock, gas, and dust into space to form the moon. [48][49] Further growth was possible only because these bodies collided and merged, which took less than 100million years. In the early universe, dark matter gradually gathers in huge filaments under the effects of gravity, collapsing faster than ordinary (baryonic) matter because its collapse is not slowed by radiation pressure. [c] Those objects scattered by Jupiter into highly elliptical orbits formed the Oort cloud;[43] those objects scattered to a lesser degree by the migrating Neptune formed the current Kuiper belt and scattered disc. The Sun remains a main-sequence star today. The Sun formed in the center, and the planets formed in a thin disk orbiting around it. Almost all meteorites (see the Canyon Diablo meteorite) are found to have an age of 4.6billion years, suggesting that the Solar System must be at least this old. Sun - Wikipedia The old city walls were torn down, and new districts grew up north and south of the "city between the bridges.". Through direct contact and self-organization, these grains formed into clumps up to 200m (660ft) in diameter, which in turn collided to form larger bodies (planetesimals) of ~10km (6.2mi) in size. [132] In 4billion years, Andromeda and the Milky Way will collide, causing both to deform as tidal forces distort their outer arms into vast tidal tails. 2 Some planets will be destroyed, and others ejected into interstellar space. At this point, all life will be reduced to single-celled organisms. [11] The further collapse of the fragments led to the formation of dense cores 0.010.1parsec (2,00020,000AU) in size. [37], The giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) formed further out, beyond the frost line, which is the point between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where the material is cool enough for volatile icy compounds to remain solid. [112] In about 600 million years, the Sun's brightness will have disrupted the Earth's carbon cycle to the point where trees and forests (C3 photosynthetic plant life) will no longer be able to survive; and in around 800 million years, the Sun will have killed all complex life on the Earth's surface and in the oceans. Animals, including humans, need plants for food and the oxygen they produce. The newly formed atomsmainly hydrogen and helium with traces of lithiumquickly reach their lowest energy state (ground state) by releasing photons ("photon decoupling"), and these photons can still be detected today as the cosmic microwave background (CMB). It is widely believed that a correct theory of quantum gravity may allow a more correct description of that event, but no such theory has yet been developed. Because the frost line accumulated large amounts of water via evaporation from infalling icy material, it created a region of lower pressure that increased the speed of orbiting dust particles and halted their motion toward the Sun. A five-kilometer (three-mile) diameter asteroid is theorized to have formed the Manicouagan Crater about 215.5 million years ago. This period is known as the cosmic Dark Ages. Abraham Loeb (2014) speculated that primitive life might in principle have appeared during this window, which he called the "habitable epoch of the early Universe". In 1862, a famous Irish physicist and mathematician, Lord Kelvin, estimated that Earth was between 20-million and 400-million years old. / During this time, these worlds could support a water-based hydrologic cycle, but as they are too small to hold a dense atmosphere like Earth, they would experience extreme daynight temperature differences. Stockholm during the Middle Ages - Wikipedia Going back in time and higher in energy, and assuming no new physics at these energies, a careful estimate gives that thermalization was first possible when the temperature was:[25]. The properties of dark matter that allow it to collapse quickly without radiation pressure, also mean that it cannot lose energy by radiation either. ", "Scientists confirm most distant galaxy ever", "Astronomers Claim to Find the Most Distant Known Galaxies", "Hobby-Eberly Telescope Helps Astronomers Learn Secrets of One of Universe's Most Distant Objects", "Astronomers Spot Most Distant GalaxyAt Least For Now", "Cosmos Controversy: The Universe Is Expanding, but How Fast? These compounds are quite rare in the Universe, comprising only 0.6% of the mass of the nebula, so the terrestrial planets could not grow very large. It's Hydrogen and Helium In the Sun, hydrogen is turned into Blank at a temperature of millions of degrees. [54][55][56][57] Hubble's successor, the James Webb Space Telescope, launched December 2021, is designed to detect objects up to 100 times fainter than Hubble, and much earlier in the history of the universe, back to redshift z20 (about 180 million years cosmic time). After 500600million years (about 4billion years ago) Jupiter and Saturn fell into a 2:1 resonance: Saturn orbited the Sun once for every two Jupiter orbits. \rho [77][78], Over the course of the Solar System's evolution, comets were ejected out of the inner Solar System by the gravity of the giant planets and sent thousands of AU outward to form the Oort cloud, a spherical outer swarm of cometary nuclei at the farthest extent of the Sun's gravitational pull. A few isotopes, such as lithium-7, were found to be present in amounts that differed from theory, but over time, these differences have been resolved by better observations.[29].
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